{"product_id":"encyclopedia-of-body-adornment-9780313336959","title":"Encyclopedia of Body Adornment","description":"\u003cp\u003ePeople everywhere have attempted to change their bodies in an effort to meet their cultural standards of beauty  as well as their religious and\/or social obligations. Often times  this modification or adornment of their bodies is part of the complex process of creating and re-creating personal and social identities. Body painting has probably been practiced since the Paleolithic as archaeological evidence indicates  and the earliest human evidence of tattooing goes back to the Neolithic with mummies found in Europe  Central Asia  the Andes and the Middle East. Adornments such as jewelry have been found in the earliest human graves and bodies unearthed from five thousand years ago show signs of intentional head shaping. It is clear that adorning and modifying the body is a central human practice. Over 200 entries address the major adornments and modifications  their historical and cross-cultural locations  and the major cultural groups and places in which body modification has been central to social and cultural practices. This encyclopedia also includes background information on the some of the central figures involved in creating and popularizing tattooing  piercing  and other body modifications in the modern world. Finally  the book addresses some of the major theoretical issues surrounding the temporary and permanent modification of the body  the laws and customs regarding the marking of the body  and the social movements that have influenced or embraced body modification  and those which have been affected by it.  All cultures everywhere have attempted to change their body in an attempt to meet their cultural standards of beauty  as well as their religious and or social obligations. In addition  people modify and adorn their bodies as part of the complex process of creating and re-creating their personal and social identities. Body painting has probably been practiced since the Paleolithic as archaeological evidence indicates  and the earliest human evidence of tattooing goes back to the Neolithic with mummies found in Europe  Central Asia  the Andes and the Middle East. Adornments such as jewelry have been found in the earliest human graves and bodies unearthed from five thousand years ago show signs of intentional head shaping. It is clear that adorning and modifying the body is a central human practice. Over 200 entries address the major adornments and modifications  their historical and cross-cultural locations  and the major cultural groups and places in which body modification has been central to social and cultural practices. This encyclopedia also includes background information on the some of the central figures involved in creating and popularizing tattooing  piercing  and other body modifications in the modern world. Finally  the book addresses some of the major theoretical issues surrounding the temporary and permanent modification of the body  the laws and customs regarding the marking of the body  and the social movements that have influenced or embraced body modification  and those which have been affected by it.  Entries include  acupuncture  amputation  Auschwitz  P.T. Barnum  the Bible  body dysmorphic disorder  body piercing  branding  breast augmentation and reduction  Betty Broadbent  castration  Christianity  cross dressers  Dances Sacred and Profane  Egypt  female genital mutilation  foot binding  freak shows  genetic engineering  The Great Omi  Greco-Roman world  henna  infibulation  legislation \u0026amp; regulation  lip plates  medical tattooing  Meso-America  military tattoos  National Tattoo Association  nose piercing  obesity  permanent makeup  primitivism  prison tattooing  punk  rites of passage  scalpelling  silicone injections  Stalking Cat  suspensions  tanning  tattoo reality shows  tattooing  Thailand  transgender  tribalism.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"My Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45651894304821,"sku":"ByrdShop_0313336954","price":165.92,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0627\/8139\/0901\/files\/9780313336959.jpg?v=1781844179","url":"https:\/\/atxbooks.com\/products\/encyclopedia-of-body-adornment-9780313336959","provider":"ATX Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}