{"product_id":"mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-9780875580241","title":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"book-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution\u003c\/strong\u003e by Peter Kropotkin. paperback edition. ISBN: 9780875580241.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Brand: Sargent (Porter),Publisher,U.S.","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44949615181877,"sku":"ByrdShop_0875580246","price":224.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0627\/8139\/0901\/files\/9780875580241_83e19805-ed74-4d37-a3cf-c7e523b203ad.jpg?v=1778882486","url":"https:\/\/atxbooks.com\/products\/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-9780875580241","provider":"ATX Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}