{"product_id":"the-seminole-freedmen-a-history-volume-2-race-and-culture-in-the-american-west-series-9780806138657","title":"The Seminole Freedmen: A History (Volume 2) (Race and Culture in the American West Series)","description":"\u003cp\u003ePopularly known as Black Seminoles  descendants of the Seminole freedmen of Indian Territory are a unique American cultural group. Now Kevin Mulroy examines the long history of these people to show that this label denies them their rightful distinctiveness. To correct misconceptions of the historical relationship between Africans and Seminole Indians  he traces the emergence of Seminole-black identity and community from their eighteenth-century Florida origins to the present day. Arguing that the Seminole freedmen are neither Seminoles  Africans  nor black Indians  Mulroy proposes that they are maroon descendants who inhabit their own racial and cultural category  which he calls Seminole maroon. Mulroy plumbs the historical record to show clearly that  although allied with the Seminoles  these maroons formed independent and autonomous communities that dealt with European American society differently than either Indians or African Americans did. Mulroy describes the freedmens experiences as runaways from southern plantations  slaves of American Indians  participants in the Seminole Wars  and emigrants to the West. He then recounts their history during the Civil War  Reconstruction  enrollment and allotment under the Dawes Act  and early Oklahoma statehood. He also considers freedmen relations with Seminoles in Oklahoma during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Although freedmen and Seminoles enjoy a partially shared past  this book shows that the freedmens history and culture are unique and entirely their own.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"My Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45951521718325,"sku":"ByrdShop_0806138653","price":242.31,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0627\/8139\/0901\/files\/9780806138657.jpg?v=1788111724","url":"https:\/\/atxbooks.com\/products\/the-seminole-freedmen-a-history-volume-2-race-and-culture-in-the-american-west-series-9780806138657","provider":"ATX Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}