The Sciences of the Artificial, 2nd Edition

Now highly expanded in length and in the sweep of its intellectual designthe range of its consideration of social and economic systems has been extended and there is new material on human psychologythis book has been highly regarded and widely referenced since its publication in 1969. In that year a review in Science stated that "Herbert Simon is one of the leaders in the present development of a science of complex information processing. His contributions have been seminal in several different fields yet always unified in their attempt to develop a precise and adequate theory of complex systems whether social political or economic organizations or thinking feeling creating brains and computer-programmed models. The Sciences of the Artificial is a thoughtful synthesis of Simons conception of complexityhow it arises how it can be studied by a scientist and how it can be coped with adapted to and understood by intelligent entities such as human beings and artificial intelligence programs.... It is authoritative and at the same time provocativea rare combination." "Artificial" is used in a very specific sense in this book: to denote systems that have a given form and behavior only because they adapt (or are adapted) in reference to goals or purposes to their environment. Thus both man-made artifacts and man himself in terms of behavior are artificial. This edition contains three entirely new chapters"Economic Rationality: Adaptive Artifice " "Remembering and Learning: Memory as External Environment " and "Social Planning: Designing the Evolving Artifact"which have been interspersed among the original four: "Understanding the Natural and the Artificial Worlds " "The Psychology of Thinking: Embedding Artifice in Nature " "The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial " and "The Architecture of Complexity."